In the 21st century, the current development of urban water supply industry to open investment operations as a symbol, the Chinese water market reforms opened, reform driven by two major driving forces, namely the investment needs of local government water infrastructure, which became water pre-reform The main driving force; the second is to improve the level of service the needs of the industry. Due to strict environmental regulations and the gradual water quality standards, the next five years, and in the future, China will enter the urban water market in order to improve the level of service as the core driving force of development period, and service model is forward integrated service transformation.
Over the past decade, China's water industry in responding to the challenges already achieved some success, such as 2009, China's total water supply 593.3 billion cubic meters, an increase of 1.80%. Overall, the past decade the average annual growth rate of only 0.64%. Taking into account the impact of fluctuations in economic growth outside of the water supply industry to bring our country in the adjustment of industrial structure, promote water-saving new technology, equipment and related policies to encourage water conservation and recycled into other aspects of water reuse also contribute.
But we also should clearly see that, with the continued rapid development of urbanization in the country and the economy, the natural growth of water demand and undoubtedly will gradually offset the reduction in water management beyond the generation of water consumption in the long run , the total water supply will show slow growth.
In this context, the development of water supply for the water supply industry expectations for social enterprise managers that the government increase even more stringent requirements in all aspects of water sources, water supply facilities, technology, and the supporting pipe network, management, detection capability, How reasonable control costs, consolidate resources, improve efficiency and become not only a challenge to all levels of government as well as the water supply enterprises face. But the current situation, China's water industry is still at a relatively early stage of development. A total of 654 cities nationwide, the traditional model of a city is usually set up a water company, a large number of water department, decentralized management, Water Division each technology, financial strength varies, unable to give full play of scale, and since the completion of the water department's Earlier, highlighting the phenomenon of aging facilities, water quality is difficult to be fully guaranteed, contradictory and effective supply capacity and water needs of increasingly prominent. How to optimize the existing water supply facilities to improve their operation and management level has become a real issue, this paper will elaborate the present situation.
First, to strengthen the protection of water sources to protect water safety
According to the Ministry of Water Resources "2009 National Water Resources Development Statistical Bulletin" Statistics show that in 2009, the country's total amount of 593.3 billion cubic meters of water, which accounted for 81.1% of surface water, groundwater sources accounted for 18.4%, 0.5% other sources. Comparative data since 2000, showing the total amount of water slowly rising trend.
2010 Ministry of Environmental Protection in conjunction with other ministries jointly issued the "National Urban Drinking Water Sources Environmental Protection Plan (2008-2020)," and proposed a "prevention first, combining prevention with control, overall planning, comprehensive management, focused, step by step, innovative mechanisms, strengthen supervision, clear responsibilities, strengthen the assessment "of water environmental protection principles, a clear overall improvement in centralized drinking water environmental quality status, improve emergency monitoring and emergency water supply capacity to meet the 2020 water source well-off society The overall objective of quality and safety requirements, etc., and further decomposition of the planning objectives for water quality, classification and management of protected areas, protected area remediation, water regulatory capacity to a total of four classes five indicators. Clear eight construction tasks: First, the implementation of protective isolation in a protected area. The second is the implementation of a protected area renovation project. Third, the implementation of the two protected areas point source remediation projects. Fourth, the implementation of the two protected areas, non-point source pollution control projects. Fifth, the implementation of ecological restoration and construction of water. Six is to build a scientific and rational water monitoring system to improve the drinking water source for environmental monitoring and surveillance capacity management, improve drinking water sources environmental monitoring and early warning and emergency monitoring capabilities. Seven is to build a nationwide drinking water information management system to improve drinking water source information management capabilities, support for the safety and security of drinking water. Eight is to improve the drinking water sources of early warning capabilities and emergency response capability, the preparation of contingency plans for urban water and implement exercise to prevent contamination of drinking water sources, protect the residents of safe drinking water.
With visible water source protection policy, the key is execution. Protection of water sources to the relevant government departments should give priority to manage. Local supply and local enterprises should strengthen communication and contact the Environmental Protection Agency and other units, when unexpected events occur source of water supply, and actively cooperate with relevant departments to work closely together to take measures to protect the safety of urban water supply source. At the same time the government should take strong administrative measures to improve compliance costs offenders, for those who violate the law must resort to the law firm, strictly enforced. By these means the destruction of water sources in the individual or entity to play a real deterrent effect, the only way to protect water sources in order to achieve good results.
Second, improve water efficiency increase capital investment
Our water supply enterprises are mostly built in the 1980s and 1990s before the old enterprises, the original design criteria, design size has been unable to meet the user needs to enhance water quality and quantity. Meanwhile, the government raised the drinking water standards. 2007 "drinking water health standards" (GB5749-2006) mandatory national standard release, July 1, 2012 fully implemented, which is from the national level to the water industry has put forward higher requirements. Coupled with the limited capacity of the existing water companies to detect, according to statistics more than 600 cities across the country, more than 3,000 water plants, can be fully implemented 106 does not detect more than 10; 42 mandatory items can be detected, and only not to 15%; about 51% of the water supply companies do not have detection capabilities. In view of this, the transformation of the country's most pressing water thousands of seats, which will inevitably there is a huge demand for investment. And water services as basic public services, the relationship between urban development and economic development is also related to people's livelihood, so important in the field, in the face of such a huge demand for investment, the government has very limited financial investment, the development of water sources of funding to send more look at the price of water, but to adjust the price of water is faced with social willingness to pay and ability to pay for the test, which makes the water industry as a whole in operating costs, capital expenditures continued to rise and tariff adjustment difficulties among double torment. On the one hand the existing water supply facilities need renovation, new projects need to follow up on the other hand, it must implement the funding alone is not enough to support the price of water. Direct consequence of this is the abnormal development of water supply facilities are obsolete, substandard water quality, the high rate of pipeline leakage. Faced with this dilemma the government of the need to re-define the responsibilities of its commitment to increase financial support, coupled with the water supply enterprise's own funds, and jointly promote the development of water services industry.
Improve water efficiency is mainly maintenance and technical upgrades two aspects from the facility.
First, facilities maintenance. Now waterworks equipment extended service are quite serious, the book has been fully depreciated equipment, but the equipment is still running the site, if maintenance is not in place, there is bound to supply security risks. Especially the water supply network has prestressed reinforced concrete pipe, gray cast iron pipes, asbestos cement pipes, ductile iron pipes, glass pipes, steel coil tube, PVC, PE pipes, etc., long pipelines running time, the water supply network in its entirety in terms of the aging. Bearing capacity of the pipe network is significantly lower, pipeline maintenance frequently, many pipe sections due to urban development, road widening, tube position has been in the streets of motorized vehicles, pipeline buried depth, dark leakage increased to pipe network maintenance and management with to a lot of inconvenience, resulting in high rates of pipeline leakage. For the problem of aging facilities, the first is to strengthen efforts inspection facilities, equipment or piping for extended service and fault-prone should resolutely be replaced, the new pipeline laying area should be in accordance with the overall urban planning layout, using the quality standards of the pipe, to minimize second construction. At the same time to protect the security of water supply, the original use of branched water supply pipe network transformation of the conditions of the region should have a higher safety factor ring of water supply.
Secondly, for the deficiencies of the prior art process technology upgrades bold. At present, the vast majority of the water supply enterprises are still using the traditional technology of water: coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. No major breakthrough on the process, but in the details of the process, with the purification process and materials continue to improve understanding of water treatment also will be constantly updated. Theories continue to deepen and promote the improvement of water supply and the level of technology. Traditional process is mainly based on colloidal clay particles and pathogenic bacteria as the main subject on the basis of the work, with the gradual increase in pollution levels and increasing pollution, diverse variety of contaminants, for the water industry has brought new subject. Water projects are now more attention than any time in the past the raw water pretreatment and depth of processing work behind the traditional process, which is currently the fastest-growing areas, but also China and abroad major gaps where the water level of technology.
Third, strengthen the awareness of water conservation to improve recycling
Our water shortage on the one hand, while on the other hand there is a low water-use efficiency and serious waste. In 2005, China's yuan GDP water consumption in developed countries is 5-10 times, irrigation water utilization rate is only 40% -50%, from the world's advanced level there is a large gap between the water-saving potential.
2009 national consumption of 315.5 billion cubic meters of water, water consumption was 53%. Where irrigation water consumption 209.46 billion cubic meters, occupying 66.4% of the total water consumption, water consumption rate of 63%; forest animal husbandry and fishery irrigation, Water Consumption 27.37 billion cubic meters, occupying 8.7% of the total water consumption, water consumption rate 73 %; industrial water consumption of 32.05 billion cubic meters, occupying 10.1% of the total water consumption, water consumption rate of 23%; urban domestic water consumption of 13.26 billion cubic meters occupied 4.2% of the total water consumption, water consumption rate of 30%; rural life water consumption of 25.83 billion cubic meters, occupying 8.2% of the total water consumption, water consumption rate of 86%; ecological water environment 7.53 billion cubic meters of water consumption, taking 2.4 percent of the total water consumption, water consumption rate of 73%. In the provincial administrative regions, water is higher than 70% in Tibet, Shanxi and Hebei three provinces (autonomous regions), water consumption rate of less than 40 percent of Shanghai, Fujian and Guangdong three provinces (municipalities).
Then to provincial-level administrative units, more yuan GDP water consumption indicators. The lowest index for the five boroughs of Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Shanxi, Shanghai, respectively, 30,31,65,76,84 cubic meters, and the highest of the five boroughs of Xinjiang, Tibet, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Gansu, respectively for 1242,699, 394,382,362 cubic meters of water visible indicators of differences between regions is very obvious.
2005 National Development and Reform Commission and other five ministries jointly issued the "Chinese water-saving Technology Policy," and proposed the fundamental way to ease the contradiction between the conservation of water resources and efficient use of water. Outline play a guiding role in four aspects: First, boot-saving technology research, industrial development and investment in water conservation projects focused technical direction; the second is to guide the mature, advanced water-saving technologies and promote the use of technology; the third is to promote the boot eliminate backward technology, processes and equipment; four is to provide technical support for all regions and industries prepare water conservation plans; five for all regions and sectors to develop water quota basis to provide technical support. In addition, you should also establish a national awareness of a game of chess. At present, the degree of attention of the different areas affected by the region's economic development level and the constraints on the amount of water-saving work, there are still significant deviation, over time, water conservation efforts in some areas is bound to be offset by the excessive consumption of another part of the region.
Urban water supply is consumed in addition to a portion of the user, as are the rest of the waste water discharge. This means the disposal of part of the water current is basically discharged after treatment receiving water, sewage appears to have been recovered on the surface, but a closer analysis shows that the traditional disposal routes just realized a transformation, namely water - water Such a conversion process. From the viewpoint of improving efficiency, this part of the deal by the depth of the water can come back with. Because we know the whereabouts of urban water supply is mainly industrial water, domestic water, water and other public facilities, the other on the inside, including roads and poured green, fire, etc., these types of uses on the water quality requirements are not the same, such as industrial water The cooling water, water poured its water quality is lower than the living water, can the sewage treatment of wastewater discharged to reach the standard to the end user. This is to improve the conversion efficiency of sewage and waste, reduce environmental pressures while receiving water can reduce the cost of water supply enterprises.
In the Ministry of Water Resources is responsible for the "second five" water-related planning, improve urban sewage treatment and recycling rate indicators related to water conservation. Currently the country has identified the use of water resources of the first red line, which in 2015 the total amount of 620 billion cubic meters of water, while in 2009 more than 5900 billion cubic meters, which is 5 years time increment control in less than 30 billion cubic meters ; red lines that delineate the second water efficiency, have been identified irrigation utilization coefficient increased to 0.52%; third countries also identified the red, that is the national water function zones compliance rate to be increased to 60% on the basis of the status quo . In fact, wastewater reuse is equivalent to reducing the emissions, but also reduces the water demand, are closely linked to each of the red line above. Currently, the Ministry of Water Resources tentatively identified "five" national and provincial urban wastewater reuse rate indicators, 2015 National Urban sewage recycling rate reached 10%, compared with 2010's 8.5 percent target by 1.5 percentage points higher. Of course, compared to other countries such as Israel, its sewage recycling rate is 75%, Japan's industrial water recycling rate has reached 78.9 percent, our goal is a bit low.
However, taking into account China's urban construction is still in its infancy, water environmental infrastructure of the city has just started, we are less affected precipitation history of technology to solve urban water crisis in the selection strategy and technology, urban water supply industry water conservation promising.
Fourth, the rational allocation of resources to improve the management level
The end result is an optimized management of urban water supply systems, where the management level consists of two levels of meaning. The first is the level of government that the management of social management, and the second is the water supply company management level.
Enhance the management level first need to clarify the respective role. Over the years, the government has been the protagonist of the water industry construction, management and services. Under the planned system, as part of the urban public utilities, urban water supply sector management through government-to-business, financial, and direct management of material to achieve. Water companies have a special status because of basic, social, welfare and survival in urban development, there is a deep water special dependencies between business and government. On the one hand the water supply in many aspects of business resources, construction investment, local policies, tariff adjustment is greatly dependent on the government; on the other hand the government in the process of urban construction and development, in order to maintain social stability, in addition to water supply enterprises normal security quality water requirements, water supply business, financial, and assessed material to enable enterprises to back additional burden. After the market-oriented government functions from the "business management into business management", the original industry department personnel and assets under management, or placed under the management of state assets, or transfer to social enterprise body, the government's urban management and trade management is experiencing a big change. Government administration should be through direct intervention into asset management, laws and regulations, trade management, urban planning, economic regulation, social supervision, public opinion and other means, to enable enterprises to better take the responsibility for urban services to achieve. From the government's point of view, most of the water supply enterprises are state-owned enterprises, ineffective corporate governance structure, all the problems are still the government have the final say, to solve this problem can be taken to allow foreign capital to enter the water supply companies, water companies to implement investment diversification approach. At the same time the Government should authorize enterprise asset management, in accordance with "Company Law" reform water supply enterprises, to "clear property rights, clear responsibilities, separating, and scientific management" requirements, the socio-economic management functions of the government and state-owned asset owner functions separate, clearly state capital investors and operators of the responsibility to establish a sound corporate governance structure and internal management.
First, the government should develop a scientific and feasible development plans of urban public utilities, and enhance public service capacity building to ensure long-term supply of urban public goods, in order to meet the public need for public goods. Supply of urban public goods and services must be continuous and stable. This continuity and stability of urban public goods and services, prices must be relatively stable. If it is not stable, it will be difficult to protect the public interest and directly affect the stability and stability of the city's society. Second, because the water supply industry is a municipal utility, which provides the public goods the people's livelihood and social stability, the government position, the government should be in the public interest, and not on behalf of the asset. Governments at the economic growth and the balance of the public interest and choice. It should be emphasized that, in the urban water supply sector, the government-funded portion can not be treated with a high income requirements, and even should not return interests; at the same time grant to run a business franchise, by industry, regulatory authorities, and not the asset management arm on behalf of the government to lead. With the deepening of the market and improve the government will gradually withdraw from the capital investment in the business, but is committed to the investment and management of non-operating assets, thereby resolving the dilemma in the role of government. The third principle, the government should further regulate urban water prices, in 1998 the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Construction of the "urban water management approach", that "the development of urban water prices should follow the compensation cost, reasonable income, savings" water, equitable burden and states that the "average water supply enterprises should be a reasonable profit margin of 8% of net assets to 10%." Government should be reasonably determined and timely reduce product prices in urban public tax section. This is because the city has a municipal water utilities ranked first in the important part, and one of the whereabouts of the government's tax revenue that the social utility. Its government and its pooled funds for redistribution, as a way to tax cuts financed water supply companies. Therefore it is necessary to carry out research work municipal utilities special tax policy.
After the government's responsibility and rights clear, starting from their own water supply enterprises must find a breakthrough point, efforts to improve the management level. Our water supply enterprises completed more years earlier, coupled with strong natural monopoly public service, there is a surplus of personnel, management and poor efficiency, employee ideas lag and other ills. For these cases, the water companies should strive to promote the reform and development of enterprises work to achieve social and economic benefits of double surplus situation. As follows:
1. In accordance with the requirements of modern enterprise system, the establishment of property rights of the company system. Accordance with the "clear property rights, clear responsibilities, separating, and scientific management" requirements, leading to reform, reform, restructuring, transformation and strengthen enterprise management organically combine rationalize internal relations, in response to various types of challenge, successfully transition to a market economy.
2. Adjust the enterprise management system, build a lean and efficient, clear responsibilities, the mother company of the Group Management framework. According to the decision-making bodies, executive bodies, independent oversight bodies, the principle of checks and balances, and the establishment of the Board of Directors based decision-making centers to managers based production control system. Subsidiaries dispatched directors, supervisors, implementing Appointment System, strengthen financial management and capital management supervision and control of the entire process, to further improve the corporate governance structure. On the conditions of the branch to implement the simulation run subsidiaries, strengthen internal management, increase revenue, control costs and ensure profits.
3. Strengthening the three reforms, enhance vitality. Three reform should focus on establishing workers can be hired out of cadres, high-energy low wages can be a new mechanism. Reform labor system, depending on production and business needs, to carry out "allocation, posts, capacity" work. According to advanced scientific standard rational allocation of human resources. In the reform of the personnel system, the introduction of competition mechanism, the implementation of two-way choice, competition for employment, enhance the sense of crisis and urgency managers. In adjusting the internal organization of the same time, the authorities of the room and primary branches, subsidiaries responsible implementation of appointment. In terms of the distribution system, adhere to distribution according to work is dominant and a variety of modes of distribution coexist, and giving priority to efficiency, taking into account the principle of fairness. Gradually form a post fixed salary, variable salary change hillock, a mechanism can reduce the income can be increased.
4. Establish standardized institutional system, a standardized work procedures and mechanisms to enable the orderly movement within the company, management rules to follow. Implementation of enterprise material procurement, construction, asset leasing, insurance and other aspects of fixed assets bidding and bid system, open competition, increase revenue and reduce expenses.
5. Application to increase scientific and technological achievements, widely used in automation and information technology. Information technology and enterprise combining production and business activities, establish and improve the information collection and processing mechanisms and regulatory agencies to adapt, adopt scientific management methods and means to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business, usually include: office automation (OA system ); business process automation and information technology (ie corporate MIS systems, decision support systems); production process automation; and customer service automation.
6. Pay close attention to quality service, and constantly improve the level of water supply services. The quality of water services is to win customers, occupying the market a powerful weapon. Further improve the social service commitment system; users reported installation implementation of "one-stop" service; perfect "110" linkage services; further improve window service attitude.
7. Pay close attention to saving energy, water vigorously each technological innovation, and actively carry equipment modification, increase productivity, and reduce the failure rate. Scheduling should be introduced to computer technology company, unified science, so that the economy, rapid, and timely.
8. reduce pipeline leakage rate. Water companies should grasp the water meter, pipelines and ancillary facilities to manage and regulate water management and other aspects of the work. First, the full implementation of metering, to eliminate the phenomenon estimates table. Second, strengthen the management network and ancillary facilities, regular inspections, maintenance, timely deal with the problem. The use of advanced equipment, inventory pipeline leak dark, eliminate water leakage problems.
9. raise rates. Strengthen the tracking and management of large diameter water meter, water meter while strengthening Collecting and recover work to large arrears calls for focus on improving water recovery. Increased inspection efforts, the establishment of dual leadership to accept government and business, with law enforcement functions of inspection unit. Internal audit to eat, take, want, corruption, embezzlement and other illegal water phenomenon and not perform their duties, foreign perform law enforcement functions, inspectors illegal water in the pipe-line random access unauthorized construction, stealing water user behavior, to protect the interests of business .
V. Conclusion
In the end of 2002 the Ministry of Construction issued "on accelerating the commercialization of urban public sector advice" as a symbol, China's urban water supply sector started the process of marketization. May 2004, the Ministry of Construction issued further how to take advantage of market-oriented operational specification file "municipal utilities franchise management approach", while the State Department also issued a "decision on the investment system" in September 2005 the Ministry of Construction issued "on the strengthening of municipal utilities regulatory advice." The introduction of these policies for urban water supply sector to build a development platform. However, a good policy environment constitute only external elements of urban water supply development, the development of the internal power supply industry, or to return to its essential attribute - services, water supply industry began from the source, by optimizing the system, to achieve a reasonable resource management by running distribution, ultimately providing qualified for public goods - water.
Note: not indicate the source of the data are from the Ministry of Water Resources "National Water Conservancy Ministry of Water Resources Development Statistics Bulletin" and "China Water Resources Bulletin."
